Boundary scan paths with shared scan cells and resynchronization memories

ABSTRACT

An integrated circuit or circuit board includes functional circuitry and a scan path. The scan path includes a test data input lead, a test data output lead, a multiplexer, and scan cells. A dedicated scan cell has a functional data output separate from a test data output. Shared scan cells each have a combined output for functional data and test data. The shared scan cells are coupled in series. The test data input of the first shared scan cell is connected to the test data output of the dedicated scan cell. The combined output of one shared scan cell is coupled to the test data input lead of another shared scan cell. The multiplexer has an input coupled to the test data output, an input connected to the combined output lead of the last shared scan cell in the series, and an output connected in the scan path.

This application is a divisional of prior application Ser. No.13/103,688, filed May 9, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,185,790, issued May22, 2012;

Which was a divisional of prior application Ser. No. 13/012,242, filedJan. 24, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,675,196, issued Jul. 5, 2011;

Which was a divisional of prior application Ser. No. 12/772,640, filedMay 3, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,908,537, issued Mar. 15, 2011;

Which was a divisional of prior application Ser. No. 12/490,869, filedJun. 24, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,739,569, issued Jun. 15, 2010;

Which was a divisional of prior application Ser. No. 12/139,594, filedJun. 16, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,568,142, issued Jul. 28, 2009;

Which was a divisional of prior application Ser. No. 10/814,671, filedMar. 30, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,404,127, issued Jul. 22, 2008;

Which was a divisional of prior application Ser. No. 09/758,089, filedJan. 10, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,728,915, issued Apr. 27, 2004;

Which claims priority from Provisional Application No. 60/175,188, filedJan. 10, 2000.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

In FIG. 1, a prior art example of a dedicated boundary scan path orregister exists around a master circuit 102, a slave 1 circuit 104, anda slave 2 circuit 106. The master circuit, such as a DSP, CPU, ormicro-controller, is a circuit that controls the slaves. The slavecircuits are circuits being controlled by the master, such as RAM, ROM,cache, A/D, D/A, serial communication circuits, or I/O circuits. Themaster and slave circuits could exist as individual intellectualproperty core sub-circuits inside an integrated circuit or IC, or asindividual ICs assembled on a printed circuit board or multi-chip module(MCM). The scan paths 108-112 around each circuit are connected togetherserially and to a test data input (TDI) 114, which supplies test data tothe scan paths, and a test data output (TDO) 116, which retrieves datafrom the scan paths.

For simplification, only a portion of the scan paths 108-112 of eachcircuit is shown. The scan paths of FIG. 1 are designed using dedicatedscan cells, indicated by capital letters (C) and (D) in circles. Theword dedicated means that the cell's circuitry is used for testingpurposes and is not shared for functional purposes. The scan cells arelocated between the internal circuitry and the input buffers 128 andoutput buffers 130 of the slaves and master circuit.

In FIG. 2, an example of a dedicated scan cell consists of multiplexer 1(MX1) 202, memory 1 (M1) 204, memory 2 (M2) 206, and multiplexer 1 (MX2)208. This scan cell is similar to scan cells described in IEEE standard1149.1, so only a brief description will be provided. During operationin a functional mode, functional data passes from the functional datainput (FDI) 212 to the functional data output (FDO) 214. In a functionalmode, control inputs 210 to the scan cell can: (1) cause FDI data to beloaded into M1 via MX1 during a capture operation; (2) scan data fromTDI 216 through MX1 and M1 to TDO 218 during a shift operation; and (3)cause data in M1 to be loaded into M2 during an update operation.Neither the capture, shift, nor update operation disturbs the functionaldata passing between FDI and FDO. Thus the scan cell of FIG. 2 can beaccessed and pre-loaded with test data while the cell is in functionalmode. The data scan cell (D) associated with the D31 output of slave 1104 has connections corresponding to the FDI 212, TDI 216, FDO 214, andTDO 218 signal connections of the FIG. 2 scan cell.

During a functional mode of operation of the circuit in FIG. 1, data istransferred from one of the slaves to the master via a 32-bit data bus(D0-31), indicated by the wired bus connections 126. In a functionalmode the scan cells are transparent, allowing functional control anddata signals to pass freely through the cells. In this example, themaster enables slave 1 to transfer data by the ENA1 control signal,which is output from the master to slave 1. Likewise the master enablesslave 2 to transfer data by the ENA2 control signal, which is outputfrom the master to slave 2. While only two slave circuits are shown, anynumber could be similarly connected to and operated by the master. Sinceall the scan cells of the scan paths 108-112 are dedicated for test,they can be scanned from TDI to TDO without disturbing the functionalmode of the FIG. 1 circuit

As mentioned, being able to scan data into the scan paths duringfunctional mode allows pre-loading an initial test pattern into the scanpaths. The initial test pattern establishes both a data test pattern inthe data scan cells (D) and a control test pattern in the control scancells (C). By pre-loading an initial test pattern into the scan paths,the circuits can safely transition from a functioning mode to a testmode without concern over bus contention between the slave circuit'sdata busses. For example, the ENA1 122 and ENA2 124 control scan cells(C) can be pre-loaded with control data to insure that only one of theslave's D0-31 data busses is enabled to drive the wired bus connection126. Maintaining output drive on one of the slave data busses upon entryinto test mode prevents the wired data bus 126 from entering into afloating. (i.e. 3-state) condition. Preventing bus 126 from floating isdesirable since a floating input to input buffers 128 of master 102could cause a high current condition.

When test mode is entered, functional operation of the master and slavecircuits stop and the scan cells in the scan paths take control of themaster and slave circuit's data and control signal paths. A data scancell (D) exists on each of the 32-bit data signal paths of each circuit102-106, and a control scan cell (C) exists on each of the ENA1 and ENA2control paths of each circuit 102-106. Having dedicated data and controlscan cells located as shown in FIG. 1, enables safe test entry and easyinterconnect testing of the wiring between the master and slave circuitswhen the scan paths are placed in test mode. During interconnect testmode, a capture, shift, and update control sequence, such as thatdefined in IEEE standard 1149.1, can be used to control the scan paths.

To prevent contention between slave 1 and slave 2 data outputs 126during the capture, shift, and update control sequence, the 3-statecontrol outputs 118-120 of the ENA1 and ENA2 control scan cells 122-124do not ripple during the capture and shift part of the control inputsequence. This is accomplished by having the data in M2 of FIG. 2 beoutput, via MX2, during the capture and shift operation. Only during theupdate part of the control input sequence are the outputs 118-120 of thecontrol scan cells 122-124 allowed to change state by new data beingloaded into M2. Similarly, the outputs from the data scan cells (D) donot ripple during capture and shift operations, but rather change stateonly during the update part of the control input sequence.

In FIG. 3, a prior art example of a shared boundary scan path existsaround a master 302 and slave circuits 304-306. As in FIG. 1, the scanpaths 308-312 around each circuit are connected together serially and toa test data input (TDI), which supplies test data to the scan paths, anda test data output (TDO), which retrieves data from the scan paths. Thescan paths of FIG. 3 are designed using shared scan cells (C) and (D),i.e. the scan cell memory is shared for both test and functionalpurposes. As an aid to indicate use of shared scan cells as opposed todedicated scan cells, the shared scan cells of FIG. 3 and subsequentfigures are shown positioned outside the boundary scan paths 308-312 andin the functional circuits. The dedicated scan cells of FIG. 1 wereshown positioned inside the boundary scan paths 108-112. Again, forsimplification, only a portion of each circuit's boundary scan path isshown.

In FIG. 4, an example of a conventional shared scan cell consists of amultiplexer (MX) 402 and a memory (M) 404. During a functional mode ofoperation, control inputs 406 form a path between FDI 408 and the datainput of M 404 via MX 402, to allow functional data to be clocked fromFDI to FDO 410. During a test mode, the control inputs 406 cause FDIdata to be clocked into M via MX during a capture operation, and causetest data to be clocked from TDI 412 to TDO 414 during a shiftoperation. Since M 404 is used functionally, it cannot be accessed andpre-loaded with test data as can the scan cell of FIG. 2. Thus theability to access and pre-load test data while the master and slavecircuits of FIG. 3 operate functionally is one of the key distinctionsbetween dedicated (FIG. 2) and shared (FIG. 4) scan cells.

In FIG. 3, the data scan cell associated with the D31 output of slave 1304 is labeled to indicate the FDI 408, TDI 412, FDO 410, and TDO 414signal connections of the FIG. 4 scan cell.

During the functional mode of the circuit in FIG. 3, as in FIG. 1, datais transferred from one of the slaves to the master via the 32-bit databus (D0-31) through shared connections 326. The master enables datatransfer from slave 1 or slave 2 via the ENA1 and ENA2 control signals,respectively. Since the scan cells of the scan paths are shared and usedfunctionally, they cannot be scanned from TDI to TDO without disturbingthe functional mode of the circuits. Not being able to scan data intothe scan paths during functional mode prevents pre-loading an initialtest pattern into the scan paths.

By not being able to pre-load an initial test pattern into the scanpaths, the slave circuits are put at risk of not safely transitioninginto the test mode from the functional mode. This situation occurs dueto the timing domains of the functional and test modes not beingsynchronous to one another, which results in asynchronous functional totest mode switching.

For example, if the circuits of FIG. 3 switched from the functional modetiming domain to a test mode timing domain, a possibility exists thatthe D0-31 output buffers of slave 1 and 2 could both be enabled as aresult of an asynchronous mode switch that caused scan cell ENA1 322 andscan cell ENA2 324 to both output enable conditions on wires 318 and320. This would force a voltage contention situation between slave 1 and2, resulting in the output buffers being damaged or destroyed. Thisvoltage contention situation does not occur in the boundary scan path ofFIG. 1 since an initial safe test pattern is pre-loaded into the scancells prior to the functional to test mode switching step.

Once in a test mode, the scan path of FIG. 3 can be accessed to shift intest data. During shift operations the outputs 318-320 of the controlscan cells 322-324 ripple as data shifts through the cells. This outputripple from the control scan cells can cause the D0-31 output buffers ofthe slaves to be enabled and disabled during the shift operation. Thiscontrol output ripple causes the output buffers of slaves 1 and 2 to besimultaneously enabled, again creating bus contention between theslaves. This voltage contention situation does not occur in the boundaryscan oath of FIG. 1 since M 206 maintains a safe control output via MX208, during shift operations.

In FIG. 5, one prior art technique prevents the above-mentioned twovoltage contention situations. The technique is based on providingadditional circuitry and control inputs to enable or disable the slave'soutput buffers during test mode entry and again during each test modeshift operation. A signal gating circuit 528 is inserted into signalpath 518 of slave 504 and a signal gating circuit 530 is inserted intosignal path 520 of slave 506. A control signal C1 532 is added as aninput to circuits 528 and 530. When C1 is in a first state, the ENA1 andENA2 outputs from scan cells 522 and 524 are allowed to pass throughcircuits 528 and 530 to enable or disable the output buffers of slaves504 and 506. However, when C1 is in a second state, the outputs ofcircuits 528 and 530 are forced, independent of ENA1 and ENA2, todisable the output buffers of slaves 504 and 506. By controlling C1 tothe second state during the transition from functional mode to testmode, the first above mentioned voltage contention situation can beavoided. By again controlling C1 to the second state during each shiftoperation that occurs during test mode, the second above mentionedvoltage contention situation can be avoided.

While the technique described above solves the voltage contentionsituations, it does so by introducing a floating (i.e. 3-state)condition on data bus 526. As described above, the output buffers ofslaves 504 and 506 are disabled during test mode entry and during eachshift operation. With the output buffers disabled, data bus 526 is notdriven and may float to a voltage level that could turn on both inputtransistors of the input buffers of master 502. This could result in alow impedance path between the master's supply and ground voltages,potentially damaging or destroying the input buffers of master 502.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

This disclosure provides a boundary scan system where memories, i.e.flip flops or latches, used in data scan cells are also usedfunctionally, but memories used in control scan cells are dedicated fortest and not used functionally. The control scan cells can be scannedwhile the circuit is in functional mode, since their memories arededicated. However, the data scan cells can only be scanned after thecircuit transitions into test mode, since their memories are shared.This boundary scan system advantageously provides: (1) lower testcircuitry overhead since the data scan cells use shared memories; (2)safe entry into test mode since the control scan cells can be scannedduring functional mode to pre-load safe control conditions; and (3)avoidance of floating (i.e. 3-state) busses that can cause high currentsituations.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of a known boundary scan patharound a master IC/core and two slave IC/cores;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a known dedicated scan cell;

FIG. 3 is a simplified block diagram of a known shared boundary scanpath around a master IC/core and two slave IC/cores;

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a known shared scan cell;

FIG. 5 is a simplified block diagram of a known boundary scan patharound a master IC/core and two slave IC/cores with additional circuitsto avoid voltage contention situations;

FIG. 6 is a simplified block diagram of a boundary scan path around amaster IC/core and two slave IC/cores according to the disclosure;

FIG. 7 illustrates the boundary scan system of FIG. 6 modified toinclude additional memories in the scan path;

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of re-synchronization memories; and

FIG. 9 is a simplified block diagram of a modified boundary scan path.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

In FIG. 6, a boundary scan system according to the present disclosurecomprises a master circuit 602 operable to receive data transmitted fromtwo slave circuits 604-606. The circuits 602-606 each have a boundaryscan path 608-612, a portion of which is shown. The scan paths aroundeach circuit are connected together serially and to TDI, which suppliestest data to the scan paths, and TDO, which retrieves data from the scanpaths. A first difference between the known scan paths and the scan pathof FIG. 6 is that the control scan cells (C) of the scan paths in FIG. 6are designed as dedicated scan cells, and the data scan cells (D) aredesigned as shared cells. A second difference is that the scan path hastwo configurations. In one configuration, the control cells reside on aserial path (path1) separate from the serial path (path2) on which thedata scan cells reside. In another scan configuration, the control scancells reside on the same serial path (path2) on which the data scancells reside.

Multiplexers 636-640 are provided for selecting the serial paths (path1)to be connected serially together between TDI and TDO, or for selectingthe serial paths (path2) to be connected serially together between TDIand TDO. Control for the multiplexers to select a configuration ofeither path1 or path 2 between TDI and TDO comes from a SEL signal,which is connected to the select input of each multiplexer 636-640.

If the master and slave circuits and their associated boundary scanpaths are realized as embedded cores within an IC, the SEL signal 634may come from an IEEE 1149.1 instruction register on the IC, anotherregister or circuit on the IC, or from an input pin on the IC. However,if the master and slave circuits and their associated boundary scanpaths are realized as separate ICs on a board or MCM, the SEL signal maycome from an IEEE 1149.1 instruction register on each of the ICs,another register or circuit on each of the ICs, or from an input pin oneach of the ICs. In the case, where the master and slaves are separateICs and where the SEL signal comes from an IEEE 1149.1 instructionregister, or another register or circuit, on each IC, the SEL signalwill not be bussed to the same wire 634 as shown in FIG. 6, but ratherindividual SEL signal wires will exist between the IEEE 1149.1instruction register, or another register or circuit, and multiplexers636-64 on each of the individual ICs.

During a functional mode of operation of the circuit in FIG. 6 data istransferred from one of the slaves to the master via the 32-bit data bus(D0-31) on connections 626. The master enables data transfer from slave1 or slave 2 via the ENA1 and ENA2 control signals, respectively. Sincethe data scan cells of the scan paths are shared and used functionally,they cannot be scanned from TDI to TDO without disturbing the functionalmode of the circuits. However, since the control scan cells of the scanpaths are not shared, they can be scanned from TDI to TDO withoutdisturbing the functional mode of the circuit.

By scanning the control scan cells by themselves, via path 1, it ispossible to pre-load, while the master and slave circuits arefunctioning, a control test pattern into the control scan cells. Thiscontrol test pattern can be advantageously used to establish the testmode state of the slave data busses to insure that no contention betweenthe data busses occurs upon switching from functional mode to test mode.For example, a control test pattern may be scanned into the control scancells via path 1 to, upon entry into test mode, enable slave 1's databus and disable slave 2's data bus or to disable slave 1's data bus andenable slave 2's data bus. By designing the control scan cells asdedicated scan cells, and by selectively grouping only the control scancells onto path1 between TDI and TDO, it is possible to pre-load acontrol test pattern to safely transition into test mode without slavebus contention and without disabling both slave buses.

When a test mode is entered, functional operation of the circuits stopand the scan cells take control of the master and slave circuit's dataand control signal paths. The state of the data scan cells will beunknown at the beginning of the test since they could not be scannedduring functional mode. That is not a problem however since the knownvalues scanned into the control scan cells prevent any contention on thedata busses. After the test mode is entered, the multiplexers 636-640are controlled to group both the control and data scan cells onto path2. A first combined data and control scan cell test pattern is thenshifted into the scan path via path2 and updated to start the test. Theoutputs of the control scan cells of FIG. 6 do not ripple during shiftoperations since they use the scan cell design of FIG. 2, thus buscontention between slaves is prevented during shift operations.

The outputs of the data scan cells do ripple during shift operationsince they use the scan cell design of FIG. 4. However, this data rippledoes not harm the circuit or cause bus contention since only one slaveis enabled at a time to output data onto bus 626. While only two slavecircuits 604 and 606, each with an associated boundary scan portions 608and 612, were shown in FIG. 6, any number of slave circuits andassociated boundary scan portions could be similarly connected to themaster circuit 602 and associated boundary scan portion 610.

In FIG. 7, the boundary scan system of FIG. 6 includes additionalmemories 702-712 in the serial paths path1. Depending upon the layout ofthe IC or core master and slave circuits, the wire running between thescan inputs and outputs of the control scan cells in path 1 may becomelong when bypassing a large number of shared data scan cells. If thewiring becomes to long the setup and hold times of the control scancells may be violated, resulting in shift operation failures throughpath 1.

To prevent shift operation failures, one or more resynchronizationmemories 702-712 may be located in path1 between the scan outputs andscan inputs of the control scan cells. The resynchronization memories,typically D flip flops as shown in FIG. 8, would be located in scanpath1 such that the control data shifted through path1 passes through ashorter length of wiring between the control scan cells andresynchronization memories, thus managing the setup and hold timing forreliably shifting data through path 1.

If resynchronization memories are used, the bit length of path 1 willgrow by the number of resynchronization memories. To compensate for thisbit length growth, each test pattern shifted into path will need to beaugmented to include appropriately positioned resynchronization databits during shift operations. In FIG. 7, the resynchronization memories702-712 are not necessary when shift operations occur through path2,since the shared data scan cells are not being bypassed. Thus scan path2does not include the resynchronization memories, and the test patternsshifted into scan path2 advantageously do not need to be augmented toinclude the aforementioned resynchronization data bits.

In FIG. 9, a boundary scan system consists of master circuit 902 andslave circuits 904 and 906. Boundary scan portion 908 of slave 904 issimilar to boundary scan portion 608 of FIG. 6 with the exception thatit includes an additional input (IN) to slave circuit 904 and anassociated dedicated data scan cell 922. Also, boundary scan portion 912of slave 906 is similar to boundary scan portion 612 of FIG. 6 with theexception that it includes an additional output (OUT) from slave circuit906 and an associated dedicated data scan cell 924.

The arrangement of FIG. 9 indicates that dedicated data scan cells 922and 924 (i.e. a scan cell similar to that of FIG. 2) can be included inboth path1 and path2 shift operations. When the path1 serial paths areselected between TDI and TDO, data can be shifted through the controlscan cells (C) and the 922 and 924 data scan cells (D) of FIG. 9 duringfunctional mode. When the path2 serial paths are selected between TDIand TDO, data can be shifted through all the scan cells of FIG. 9, bothshared and dedicated, during test mode.

While specific signal types, i.e. data and control, have been associatedwith shared and dedicated scan cells in FIGS. 6 and 9, it should beunderstood that in general shared and dedicated scan cells areindependent of signal types. What is important is to associate dedicatedscan cells with signal types that need to be preconditioned with dataprior to entry into test mode. Shared scan cells, on the other hand, canbe associated with signal types that do not need to be preconditionedwith data prior to test mode entry.

The arrangements of FIGS. 6 and 9 and their accompanying descriptionshave described a boundary scan path system consisting of groups ofdedicated scan cells and groups of shared scan cells. Multiplexerswithin the boundary scan path system allow partitioning the boundaryscan path to allow serial access to occur either to only the dedicatedscan cell groups or to both the dedicated and shared scan cells groups.The ability to serially access dedicated scan cells within a boundaryscan system independent of the shared scan cells, and while thefunctional circuits operate, advantageously allows loading certain keydata signals which facilitate safe entry into test mode from thefunctional mode.

The arrangements of FIGS. 6 and 9 and their accompanying descriptionshave also described a process for safely transitioning circuits andtheir associated boundary scans paths from their functional mode to testmode. The process can be summarized as: (1) configuring the boundaryscan path system to contain only dedicated scan cells between TDI andTDO, (2) performing a shift operation to load data into the dedicatedscan cells, (3) entering the boundary scan test mode, (4) configuringthe boundary scan path system to contain all scan cells, both shared anddedicated, between TDI and TDO, and (5) performing a shift operation toload data into all the scan cells.

The arrangement of FIG. 7 and its accompanying description has describedwhy resynchronization memories may be needed and how they may be used toregister data transfers across bypassed sections of shared scan cells toresolve setup and hold timing problems that might exist between asending and receiving dedicated scan cell.

Although the present disclosure has been described in accordance to theembodiments shown in the figures, one of ordinary skill in the art willrecognize there could be variations to these embodiments and thosevariations should be within the spirit and scope of the presentdisclosure. Accordingly, modifications may be made by one ordinarilyskilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of theappended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. An integrated circuit comprising: A. a firstcircuit having data input leads connected to the inputs of input databuffers, each input data buffer being subject to damage when all datainput signals on a data input lead are placed in a high impedance state,the first circuit also having control output leads connected to theoutputs of output control buffers; B. a second circuit having first dataoutput leads coupled to respective data input leads of the first circuitand having a first control input lead coupled to a control output leadof the first circuit, the first data output leads being connected to theoutputs of data output tri-state buffers, each tri-state buffer having atri-state control input for, when active, placing the output of thetri-state buffer in a high impedance output state, the first controlinput lead being connected to the input of a control input buffer, theoutput of the control input buffer being coupled to the tri-statecontrol inputs of the tri-state buffers, the output of each tri-statebuffer being subject to damage upon the output, when active, beingdriven to a logic level data output signal in contention with anotherdriven logic level data output signal occurring at its data output lead;C. a third circuit having second data output leads also coupled torespective data input leads of the first circuit and having a secondcontrol input lead coupled to a control output lead of the firstcircuit, the second data output leads being connected to the outputs ofdata output tri-state buffers, each tri-state buffer having a tri-statecontrol input for, when active, placing the output of the tri-statebuffer in a high impedance output state, the second control input leadbeing connected to the input of a control input buffer, the output ofthe control input buffer being coupled to the tri-state control inputsof the tri-state buffers, the output of each tri-state buffer beingsubject to damage upon the output, when active, being driven to a logiclevel data output signal in contention with another driven logic leveldata output signal occurring at its data output lead; and D. a serialscan path passing through the first, second, and third circuits, thescan path having an scan input coupled to a serial test data input leadsupplying test data and having an scan output coupled to a serial testdata output lead retrieving test data, the scan path including sharedscan cells with one scan cell being coupled in series with one inputbuffer and one scan cell being coupled in series with one output buffer,each shared scan cell including one memory that is shared for normal andtest operation of the first, second, and third circuits and shiftingtest data on the scan path through the shared scan cell interferes withnormal operation of the first, second, and third circuits, the scan pathincluding resynchronization memories unconnected with the input buffersand output buffers, in each of the first, second, and third circuitsonly one of the shared scan cells and resynchronization memories beingselectively connected in the serial scan path.
 2. The integrated circuitof claim 1 in which the scan path includes multiplexers selectivelyconnecting the shared scan cells and resynchronization memories in thescan path.
 3. The integrated circuit of claim 1 in which the scan pathincludes multiplexers selectively connecting the shared scan cells andthe resynchronization memories in the scan path and a select leadextending to the multiplexers to control the selective connection. 4.The integrated circuit of claim 1 in which the first circuit is a mastercircuit, the second circuit is a slave circuit, and the third circuit isa slave circuit.